Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Essay example

Robotics and artificial intelligence is the way of the future. Imagine sitting at work and your co-worker is a robot, not just a robot but one who looks like a human, seems a bit far fetched but as predicted by The National Intelligence Council(NIC), a United States government think-tank and research group, technologies will be advanced enough to assume low skilled jobs by the year 3025(Lohr, Steve). Generations beyond this day and age will find it normal to talk to computers just as Siri on the I-phone has become apart of our society. With proper support for emerging technologies, we can have intelligent transportation networks that run as efficiently as factories(Noor, Ahmed K). â€Å"Our young children and grandchildren will think it is†¦show more content†¦The first predicament is, the barriers between humans and robots will become blurred. The â€Å"love lines† will become indistinct and â€Å"Anna Russell from the University of San Diego asserts that the human oid robot can no longer be regarded merely as a literary device in science fiction stories but is now the reality of our society. Assuming that society permits physical relationships between humans and machines, Ms. Russell says, cyborgs will necessarily acquire inalienable rights(â€Å"One Robot†).† Robots will not just be some fictitious creation for a movie or book, they will be the reality. Simply humans and robots will no longer be seperate; the rights robots have, the way they â€Å"live†, and the way they even â€Å"love† will be changed drastically. The problems that this may cause are what happens when a male human finds a female humanoid robot exceptionally charming, endearing and cute? Or even the other way, when a female human finds a male humanoid robot to be attractive. Laws made by governments will need to be rewritten to accommodate the robots and their integration into society, it was hard enough to get the government to pass gay marriage laws, let alone laws for human and robot marriages. Asimov’s three laws that he created are the base to the movie The Bicentennial Man. The movie follows the 200 year life of Andrew, and throughout his life time he discovers the intricacies of humanity. Andrew is an intelligentShow MoreRelatedArtificial Intelligence : Robotic Surgery1202 Words   |  5 PagesArtificial intelligence is defined as the development of computer systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. In the scientific industry, artificial intelligence is used to assist surgeons in surgery, referred to as robotic surgery, and is most likely to become the most dominant form of surgery. Robot assisted surgery has been prevalent for about ten years now, and is becoming popular in many industries. In aeronautics, NASA is implementing robotic surgery for astronauts inRead MoreThe Integration Of Robotics And Artificial Intelligence1036 Words   |  5 Pagescritical element of thinking demons trated by humans gets adopted in robotics and automation by the developments intensified in the field of Artificial Intelligence. The fear of robots taking over human tasks should get dismissed because the adoption of new technology elevates innovation levels that create alternative jobs in various sectors of the economy hence employment (Kelly). The integration of robotics and artificial intelligence in the human tasks benefits society to a great extent by simplifyingRead MoreThe Talk About Robotics And Artificial Intelligence1426 Words   |  6 PagesCT-IETA CONFERENCE 2016 SRAVYA KAITHI 1005219 This talk was given by Prof: NAVARUN GUPTA. The talk was about Robotics and Artificial Intelligence. 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The purpose of this robot was to try out navigation using basic tools such as cameras and bump sensors (Marshall 371). Since then, we have made a million robots way better than thisRead MoreThe Age Of Artificial Intelligence1418 Words   |  6 PagesJennie Nguyen Ms.Decker Honors English IV 24 Sept. 2015 The Age of Artificial Intelligence â€Å"Intelligence is described as the ability to adapt to new environments and situations and being able to understand consequences and effects that your actions cause. This is something that all living creatures have in some way or another. Animals can adapt to their environments and react to interference, and plants do the same. Human intelligence, however, is in an entirely different ball park. With the upriseRead MoreThe Future Of Artificial Intelligence ( Ai )1572 Words   |  7 Pages What is the Future of Artificial Intelligence (AI)? A Prediction of Killer Robot Era Jie Shi Liew LING 102 Mr Kevin Hensold-Speir November 11, 2016 What is the Future of Artificial Intelligence (AI)? A Prediction of Killer Robots Era While human are benefiting much from our 21st century Information Technology Revolution, technology revolution such as creation of robotics could be a disaster to our human race rather than a blessing. According to the world economic forumRead MoreA Robotic Body Via Remote Neuron Detectors1438 Words   |  6 Pagesindependently of a body. These cells have been used to control a robotic body via remote neuron detectors. The researcher leading the study, Kevin Warwick, is confident that as technology progresses, the size of these human-created biological brains will increase dramatically, soon reaching the level of approximately 60 percent of a human brain (Warwick 230). This indicates the possibility of eventual human brain transplant to a robotic body. IBM has recently announced that, using their Dawn systemRead MoreUse of Robotics in Health Care Sector1148 Words   |  5 PagesThe answer lies here: A robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent, usually an electro -mechanical machine that is guided by a computer program or electronic circuitry. Robots can be autonomous, semi-autonomous or remotely controlled and range from humanoids such as ASIMO and TOPIO to Nano robots, swarm robots, and industrial robots. By mimicking a lifelike appearance or automating movements, a robot may convey a sense of intelligence or thought of its own. Robots are said to be the future

Sigmund Freud Paper Free Essays

Many believe Freud to be the father of modern psychiatry and psychology and the only psychiatrist of any worth. He is certainly the most well known figure, perhaps because sex played such a prominent role in his system. There are other psychologists, however, whose theories demand respectful consideration. We will write a custom essay sample on Sigmund Freud Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Erik Erickson, born Eric Homburger, whose theories while not as titillating as Freud’s, are just as sound. This paper will compare the two great men and their systems. In addition, this paper will argue that Freud offers the more useful foundation for understanding the Jenny Masterson’s confused psyche. Sigmund Freud showed signs of independence and brilliance well before entering the University of Vienna in 1873. He had a prodigious memory and loved reading to the point of running himself into debt at various bookstores. Among his favorite authors were Goethe, Shakespeare, Kant, Hegel and Nietzsche. To avoid disruption of his studies, he often ate in his room. After medical school, Freud began a private practice, specializing in nervous disorders. He was soon faced with patients whose disorders made no neurological sense. For example, a patient might have lost feeling in his foot with no evidence to any sensory nerve damage. Freud wondered if the problem could be psychological rather than physiological. Dr. Freud evolved as he treated patients and analyzed himself. He recorded his assessment and expounded his theories in 24 volumes published between 1888 and 1939. Although his first book, The Interpretation of Dreams, sold only 600 copies in its first eight years of publication, his ideas gradually began to attract faithful followers and students – along with a great number of critics. While exploring the possible psychological roots of nervous disorders, Freud spent several months in Paris, studying with Jean Charcot, a French neurologist from whom he learned hypnosis. On return to Vienna, Freud began to hypnotize patients and encouraging them while under hypnosis to speak openly about themselves and the onset of their symptoms. Often the patients responded freely, and upon reviewing their past, became quite upset and agitated. By this process, some saw their symptoms lessened or banished entirely. It was in this way that Freud discovered what he termed the â€Å"unconscious. Piecing together his patients’ accounts of their lives, he decided that the loss of feeling in one’s hand might be caused by, say, the fear of touching one’s genitals; blindness or deafness might be caused by the fear of hearing or seeing something that might arouse grief or distress. Over time, Freud saw hundreds of patients. He soon recognized that hypnosis was not as helpful as he had first hoped. He thus pioneered a new technique termed â€Å"free association. † Patients were told to relax and say whatever came to mind, no matter how mortifying or irrelevant. Freud believed that free association produced a chain of thought that was linked to the unconscious, and often painful, memories of childhood. Freud called this process psychoanalysis. Underlying Freud’s psychoanalytic perception of personality was his belief that the mind was akin to an iceberg – most of it was hidden from view. The conscious awareness is the part of the iceberg that is above the surface but below the surface is a much larger unconscious region that contains feelings, wishes and memories of which persons are largely unaware. Some thoughts are stored temporarily in a preconscious area, from where they can be retrieved at will. However, Freud was more interested in the mass of thought and feeling that are repressed – forcibly blocked from conscious thought because it would be too painful to acknowledge. Freud believed that these repressed materials unconsciously exert a powerful influence on behavior and choices. Freud believed that dreams and slips of tongue and pen were windows to his patient’s unconscious. Intrusive thoughts or seemingly trivial errors while reading, writing and speaking suggested to Freud that what is said and done reflects the working of the unconscious. Jokes especially were an outlet for expressing repressed sexual and aggressive tendencies. For Freud, nothing was accidental. Freud believed that human personality, expressed emotions, strivings, and beliefs arise from a conflict between the aggressive, pleasure-seeking, biological impulses and the social restraints against their expression. This conflict between expression and repression, in ways that bring the achievement of satisfaction without punishment or guilt, drives the development of personality. Freud divided the elements of that conflict into three interacting systems: the id, ego and superego. Freud did not propose a new, na? ve anatomy, but saw these terms as â€Å"useful aids to understanding† the mind’s dynamics. The id is a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that continually toils to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce and aggress. The id operates on the pleasure principle – if unconstrained, it seeks instantaneous gratification. It is exemplified by a new born child who cries out for satisfaction the moment it feels hungry, tired, uncomfortable – oblivious to conditions, wishes, or expectations of his environment. As the child learns to cope with the real world, his ego develops. The ego operates on the reality principle, which seeks to superintend the id’s impulses in realistic ways to accomplish pleasure in practical ways, avoiding pain in the process. The ego contains partly conscious perceptions, thoughts, judgements, and memories. It is the personality executive. The ego arbitrates between impulsive demands of the id, the restraining demands of the superego and the real-life demands of the external world. Around age 4 or 5, a child’s ego recognizes the demands of the newly emerging superego. The superego is the voice of conscience that forces the ego to consider not only the real but also the ideal. Its focus is on how one should behave. The superego develops as the child internalizes the morals and values of parents and culture, thereby providing both a sense of right, wrong and a set of ideals. It strives for perfection and judges our actions, producing positive feelings of pride or negative feelings of guilt. Someone with an exceptionally strong superego may be continually upright and socially correct yet ironically harbor guilt-, another with a weak superego may be wantonly self-indulgent and remorseless. Because the superego’s demands often oppose the id’s, the ego struggles to reconcile the two. The chaste student who is sexually attracted to someone and joins a volunteer organization to work alongside the desired person, satisfies both id and superego. Analysis of his patients’ histories convinced Freud that personality forms during a person’s first few years. Again and again his patients’ symptoms seemed rooted in unresolved conflicts from early childhood. He concluded that children pass through a series of psychosexual stages during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body he called â€Å"erogenous zones. † During the â€Å"oral stage,† usually the first 18 months, an infant’s sensual pleasure focuses on sucking, biting, and chewing. During the â€Å"anal stage,† from about 18 months to 3 years, the sphincter muscles become sensitive and controllable, and bowel and bladder retention and elimination become a source of gratification. During the phallic stage, from roughly ages 3 to 6 years, the pleasure zones shift to the genitals. Freud believed that during this stage boys seek genital stimulation and develop unconscious sexual desires for their mothers along with jealousy and hatred for their father, whom they consider a rival. Boys feel unrecognized guilt for their rivalry and a fear that their father will punish them, such as by castration. This collection of feelings he named the â€Å"Oedipus Complex’ after the Greek legend of Oedipus, who unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. Originally Freud hypothesized that females experienced a parallel â€Å"Electra complex. † However, in time Freud changed his mind, saying, (1931, p. 229): â€Å"It is only in the male child that we find the fateful combination of love for the one parent and simultaneous hatred for the other as a rival. † Children eventually cope with these threatening feelings by repressing them then identifying with and trying to become like the rival parent. Through this identification process children’s superegos gain strength as they incorporate many of their parents’ values. Freud believed that identification with the same-sex parent provides our gender identity – the sense of being male or female. With their sexual feelings repressed and redirected, children enter a latency stage. Freud maintained that during this latency period, extending from around age 6 to puberty, sexuality is dormant and children play mostly with peers of the same sex. At puberty, latency gives way to the final stage — the genital stage — as youths begin to experience sexual feelings towards others. In Freud’s view, maladaptive behavior in the adult results from conflicts unresolved during earlier psychosexual stages. At any point in the oral, anal, or phallic stages, strong conflict can lock, or fixate, the person’s pleasure-seeking energies in that stage. Thus people who were either orally overindulged or deprived, perhaps by abrupt, early weaning, might fixate at the oral stage. Orally fixated adults are said to exhibit either passive dependence (like that of a nursing infant) or an exaggerated denial of this dependence, perhaps by acting tough and macho. They might continue to smoke or eat excessively to satisfy their needs for oral gratification. Those who never quite resolve their anal conflict, a desire to eliminate at will that combats the demands of toilet training, may be both messy and disorganized (†anal expulsive†) or highly controlled and compulsively neat (†anal-retentive†). To live in social groups, impulses cannot be freely acted on They must be controlled in logical, socially acceptable ways. When the ego fears losing control of the inner struggle between the demands of the id and the superego, the result is anxiety. Anxiety, said Freud, is the price paid for civilization. Unlike specific fears, the dark cloud of anxiety is unfocused. Anxiety is therefore, difficult to cope with, as when we feel unsettled but have no basis for feeling that way. Freud proposed that the ego protects itself against anxiety with ego defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms reduce or redirect anxiety in various ways, but always by distorting reality. Although Freud was known to change his mind, he was deeply committed to his ideas and principles, even in the face of harsh criticism. Although controversial, his ideas attracted followers who formed a dedicated inner circle. From time to time, sparks would fly and a member would leave or be outcast. Even the ideas of the outcasts, however, reflected Freud’s influence. Erik Erikson was one of these outcasts. He agreed with Freud that development proceeds through a series of critical stages. But he believed the stages were psychosocial, not psychosexual. Erikson also argued that life’s developmental stages encompass the whole life span According to Erikson, a crisis is equivalent to a turning point in life, where there is the opportunity to progress or regress. At these turning points, a person can either resolve conflicts or fail to adequately resolve the developmental task. Delving further into these differences, Erikson contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task. Young children wrestle with issues of trust, then autonomy, then initiative. School-age children develop competence, the sense that they are able and productive human beings. In adolescence, the task is to synthesize past, present, and future possibilities into a clearer sense of self. Adolescents wonder: â€Å"Who am I as an individual? What do I want to do with my life? What values should I live by? What do I believe in? † Erikson calls this quest to more deeply define a sense of self the adolescent’s â€Å"search for identity. † To refine their sense of identity, adolescents usually try out different â€Å"selves† in different situations – perhaps acting out one self at home, another with friends and still another at school and work. If two of these situations overlap – like when a teenager brings a friend home from school – the discomfort can be considerable. The teen may ask, â€Å"Which self is the real me? Which self should I be? † Often, this role confusion gets resolved by the gradual reshaping of a self-definition that unifies the various selves into a consistent and comfortable sense of who one is – an identity. But not always, Erikson believes that some adolescents forge their identity early, simply by taking on their parents’ values and expectations. Others may adopt a negative identity that defines itself in opposition to parents and society but in conformity with a particular peer group, complete perhaps with the shaved head or multi-colored coif. Still others never quite seem to find themselves or to develop strong commitments. For most, the struggle for identity continues past the teen years and reappears at turning points during adult life. During the first social stage, trust versus mistrust, an infant’s basic task is to develop a sense of trust in self, others, and the world. The infant needs to count on others and develop a sense of acceptance and security. This sense of trust is learned by being caressed and cared for. From Erikson’s viewpoint, if the significant others in an infant’s life provide the necessary love, the infant develops a sense of trust. When love is absent, the result is a general sense of mistrust in others. Clearly, infants who feel accepted are in a more favorable position to successfully meet future developmental crises than are those who do not receive adequate nurturing. However, Erikson postulates that since development is a ongoing lifelong process, personality is not fixed at any given time. Events, circumstances, and social relationships are dynamic and changing. Thus, even a child who emerged from the first stage of life with a strong sense of trust may become mistrustful and cy! nical if betrayed in later social relationships. Hence, personality is not viewed as fixed by the fifth year of life, as Freud believed, but remains fluid throughout the life span. Between the ages of one and three (Freud’s anal stage), children are developing a growing sense of control over their lives. They can now walk, run, climb, and get into all sorts of mischief. A sense of autonomy develops as they learn new skills and achieve a feeling of control over their environment. Thus Erikson’s titles this stage Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt. During this period, some parents, out of concern or impatience with their children’s progress may intervene and do things that the children should be doing by themselves. Other parents may demand a level of competence of which their children are not yet physically and/or emotionally capable. In either case, these children begin to doubt their own abilities and feel ashamed when they fail to live up to parental expectations. Children who fail to master the tasks of establishing some control over themselves and coping with the world around them develop a sense of shame and feelings of doubt about their capabilities During the next stage, Initiative versus Guilt, which takes place during the preschool years (ages 4 to 6 – Freud’s phallic stage), children seek to find out how much they can do. According to Erikson, the basic task of preschool years is to establish a sense of competence and initiative. Preschool children begin to initiate many of their own activities as they become physically and psychologically ready to engage in pursuits of their own choosing. If they are allowed realistic freedom to choose their own activities and make some of their own decisions, they tend to develop a positive orientation characterized by confidence to initiate actions and follow through on them. On the other hand, if they are unduly restricted, or if their choices are ridiculed, they tend to experience a sense of guilt and ultimately withdraw from taking an active and initiating stance. By the age of six, the child should enter elementary school. It is during this age that the stage of Industry versus Inferiority occurs. During the ensuing five years, the most important events in the child’s life revolve around setting and accomplishing goals related to school situations. When children are successful in mastering the many behaviors expected of them during these years, they develop feelings of competency and a sense of industry. They may express such feelings as: â€Å"I can do anything if I just work hard enough. Children who encounter failure during the early grades may experience severe handicaps later on. A child with learning problems may begin to feel like a worthless person. Such feelings may drastically affect his or her relationships with peers, which are also vital at this time. During the adolescent years, teens experience Identity versus Role Confusion. Typically, adolescents feel they are on center stage and everyone is looking at them. They are often highly critical of themselves and feel that others are equally critical. Their thoughts often turn inward. They look at themselves and question whether or not they measure up to their peers. They also begin thinking about lifelong goals and careers, wondering whether they will make it in the world of the adult. Their ruthless self-appraisal is often beneficial. It results in the development of values, social attitudes, and standards. This inward focus appears to be necessary for the development of a firm sense of self and of broader roles in the social order. During the stage of Intimacy versus Isolation, adolescence is now behind the individual and the early adult years loom ahead. Energies are focused on building careers, establishing lasting social ties, and achieving then maintaining intimate relationships. Marriage or cohabitation creates new demands on the individual – sharing, compromising, and relinquishing social mobility to some degree. Also, many young adults begin having children and raising families. Those who were unsuccessful in resolving their identity crises may find themselves isolated from mainstream society and unable to maintain healthy intimate relationships. The years between the ages of 35 and 60 are a time for learning how to live creatively with others; this period can be the most productive stage of an individual’s life. According to Erikson, the stimulus for continued growth in middle age is the crisis of Generatively versus Stagnation or Self-Absorption. By generatively, Erikson meant not just fostering children, but being productive in a broad sense – for example through creative pursuits in careers, in leisure-time activities, in volunteer work or caring for others. Two important qualities of the productive adult are the ability to love well and the ability to work well. Adults who fail to achieve a sense of productivity begin to stagnate, which s a form of psychological death. The years of maturity are typified by the stage of Integrity of the Self versus Despair. This is the most illuminating stage of a person’s life. If all the crises of earlier stages are resolved, looking back with satisfaction of a life well led is a healthy manifestation of self. Maintaining a sense of worth and personal integrity during the final years is natural. Those who could not resolve earlier crises will look upon the prospects of old age and death with a deep sense of dread and despair. Another primary concept to Erikson’s system is ego identity development and the ego strengths that delineate each of the eight stages. His system stresses the ego’s complete and stabilizing influences in a person’s life history. He depicts the ego from a psychosocial viewpoint as the hub of individual identity. As the ego develops through life crises, it gains the capacity to master in increasingly sophisticated ways the puzzles posed by inner and outer reality. Erikson proposed that ego strength is achieved in a sequence of psychosexual stages. Beginning in infancy, the child’s ego must first learn to trust itself and others to become autonomous and self-sufficient. With trust and autonomy come the virtues of hope and will, forms of ego strength that foster sufficient security for the child to risk the potential disappointment that hope entails, and sufficient independence of spirit for children to dare to initiate willingly their personal adaptation to their inescapable realities. Once these fundamental ego strengths are acquired, the child is able to acquire a sense of purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care and wisdom – the ego strengths associated with each stage. Erikson’s theory embodies a well-balanced concern for nonmothetic or universal psychological â€Å"laws† with some traditional psychoanalytic concern for the uniqueness of the individual, especially in the areas of clinical application and psychohistory. So where does all this theorizing leave Jenny Masterson? A Freudian psychoanalyst may have Jenny free associate to certain terms. Perhaps her free association would turn out something like this: Psychoanalyst: Jenny, I want you to relax and lay back. Close your eyes. Now, I want you to give me the first word that pops into your head when I say a certain word. For instance, if I said â€Å"Dog,† you might say, â€Å"Cat. † Jenny: No, if you said, â€Å"dog,† I would say â€Å"dependent. † Psycho: Interesting, why do you think you would say â€Å"dependent? † Jenny: â€Å"Well, they are aren’t they? I have to feed them, I have to bathe them, I have to wash them, I have to walk them – just like a small child. Except they won’t disobey you, and I expect they’d be a little more respectful of all that I would do for them. Psycho: Okay, the next word is religion. Jenny: Futile. Non-lasting. Psycho: Love Jenny: Useless. Really, love means nothing, just like marriage is meaningless. Psycho: I see. Next word, sex. Jenny: Ugh. So vulgar, dirty, disgusting. So beastly. Psycho: Okay. How about children? Jenny: Ungrateful. Possessions. Really, children just do not realize all that we do for them. We sacrifice, we slave so that their existence may be better and what do they do for us? Nothing. Just heartbreak, never ending hearbreak. Psycho: Okay, just one last word, woman. Jenny: Prostitute. Chip. Unclean. Most women are just so ugly, inside and out. I simply cannot stand their smiles – so inviting, those little trollops. Jenny had some major hang-ups in the area of sexuality. Perhaps all her â€Å"problems† stem from this one subject. Sex. Her hostility towards other women, her hinted-at incestuous relationship with Ross, her extreme jealousy of Ross’ girlfriends, her possessiveness, her lack of close friends – all of these can be traced back to her most important subject. Jenny might have been characterized as an anal character. It can be speculated that during her toilet training stage, she refused to give, was prudish and was retentive. It can be speculated that perhaps through unwise parental insistence, she may have come to value yet fear this psychical function and all the features associated with it. According to Freud, this type of person becomes orderly to the point of obsession, egocentric, picayunish, preoccupied with money and material things and obstinate. Jenny is all of these things. His theory also holds that sadomasochism is also a trait of the anal character. Jenny exhibits this. She inflicts and receives suffering all of her life. She is constantly asking for suffering from Glenn and Isabel when she continually insults them, yet they never give in and make her suffer. She creates situations where only suffering can result for her and others, like when Ross and her moved into the same flat. That was doomed to fail. She constan! tly obsessed over where he was, whom he was with, why he wasn’t paying rent – she drove herself crazy, and in the process alienated her son. Like any masochist, she seems in a strangely perverted way to relish her martyrdom and enjoy her distress. Freudian theory holds that the instincts seek pleasure and therefore that Jenny’s persistence in her treacherous behavior must give her some gratification. While her behavior goes against the very grain of survival, and therefore must be neurotic, it serves to gratify her masochistic needs. Continuing with this theme, Jenny believed sex to be dirty, and beastly. It is not known much about her marriage, but one can hardly picture Jenny as a wanton woman, or even as a woman with normal sexual drives. Her marriage may have even been a product of rebellion, again an anal trait, against her family. The principle explanation for Jenny in a Freudian analysis would turn to Jenny’s confused sexual identity. It might be said that she never worked through her oedipal complex successfully. She did identify with her mother, according to her sister however. By identifying with her mom, she may have taken on masculine role. After all, by 18 she was the main breadwinner in the house. Perhaps she wished to possess her mother, since she had taken on the male role. When she married, this psychosexual confusion was not resolved. In fact, it may have been worsened by her husband’s death. It is said that Jenny did not grieve for her husband. Perhaps she merely transferred her womanly affection onto Ross, expecting a relationship from him that was like that of a lover and not a son. Her jealousy over his girlfriends and her kisses under the moonlight certainly point towards unnatural feelings towards him. Perhaps, with Ross’ birth, she was able to find a replacement for her lack of penis. Ross may have been a projection of her true masculine nature. She was able to live her life in the masculine image by being one with Ross. When he died, she kept his robe and pipe, thus cherishing the remnants of her/his masculine identity. Her love of Ross gives an impression of an incestuous relationship. She has fits of jealousy over his lovers, calls him, â€Å"sex mad† and talks of him like a lover (†kissed under the stars†). She is very delusional when she believes that to Ross, she is responsible for his existence but that he owes her nothing. Her actions speak contrary to this. She is the perfect martyr, constantly making exaggerated sacrifices for Ross. In reality, she expected him to repay her with undying devotion. She wanted to possess him. How to cite Sigmund Freud Paper, Essay examples

Research Method and their Paradigms for ICT - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theResearch Method and their Paradigms for ICT. Answer: Exploratory Research Exploratory research is carried out when the scope of research is unknown and the topic is fertile that was discovered as literature gap. It is also known as grounded theory and it can be applied to social science along with that of humanities when the phenomenon is not deterministic. ICT innovations like that of smart phone and laptop have made the students academically dull- is a kind of topic that can be dealt with by taking recourse to exploratory research(Alvesson Skldberg, 2017). The results will be different in different countries and even within the same country it will yield different results. It is used in order to form a hypothesis and not to form one. Exploratory research can provide valuable insights in order to carry out further research. A paradigm comprises of set of assumptions that illustrates how things work. In the words of Rossman and Rollis, it means shared understandings of reality. Some of the assumptions are whether the truth can be determined for all situations, whether everyone agrees on it and what are the evidences that can be made use of in order to determine the truth (Cohen, Manion, Morrison, 2013). Descriptive Research In Descriptive research, a large amount of data is collected regarding variables and then they are measured in order to reach causal relationship. It makes use of quantitative method and mathematical methods are made use of in order to arrive at a solution. It makes use of the scientific method and it examines issues relating to what, where and when(Coolican, 2017). It involves research around a concept or situation about what the researcher knows but he wants to elaborate on what he/she has observed. They can involve techniques that are quantitative or an assimilation of qualitative along with quantitative method. A descriptive research topic is whether increasing the rate in taxes will help in reducing investment and affect in a negative manner economic growth opportunities. This involves the administering of a large number of questionnaires along with interviews to respondents who have been selected randomly. Econometric tests are carried out like that of autocorrelation, sampling error test and multiple regression analysis. Descriptive Research methods produce rich amount of data that helps in forming important recommendations (Creswell, 2013). Survey methods can be carried out which can be termed as marginal tabulation. For example, outcome of public opinion polls can be reported in news media with the help of marginal tabulation. Descriptive research provides important information in the identification of tactics along with changes within the arena of instructional design. Survey data can also be used in order to explore the relationship in between two or more than two variables. Investigating relationships is possible in case of survey data that will contribute in making a substantial contribution as compared to those researchers who confine their d ata analysis within the field of single variable description. Questionnaires are flexible in nature as they can refer to past, present or the future phenomena (Denscombe, 2014). Explanatory Research Explanatory Research makes use of cause along with effect analysis and it is widely used in the case of doctoral research where there is enough scope for originality. It devotes a large amount of attention to why and how and makes extensive use of an in-depth analysis. An example of topic in the domain of explanatory research is- Constitutional lapses force the local governments to become inefficient in relation to service delivery. It is also known as casual research and it is carried out in order to specifically identify nature in relation to cause and effect relationship. It is generally carried out in order to understand the impact of certain changes on the norms that are existing (Padgett, 2016). It generally focuses on analysing a situation or a particular problem in order to expound on the pattern of relationship existing between variables. For example, if 20% of the students fail in a particular exam explanatory research will be able to tell the reason behind this failure. It involves quantitative studies and makes use of hypothesis testing. The following are the assumptions of quantitative research. The steps involve specifying the research goals and devising the research questions (Schmidt Hunter, 2014). The literature has to be reviewed and the hypothesis is to be formulated. Formulating hypothesis will involve reducing the problem to a falsified statement related to a set of variables of interest (Sekaran Bougie, 2016). Bibliography Alvesson, M., Skldberg, K. (2017). Reflexive methodology. New vistas for qualitative research, 50-60. Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K. (2013). Research methods in education. Routledge. Coolican, H. (2017). Research methods and statistics in psychology. Psychology Press. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, 20-30. Denscombe, M. (2014). The good research guide. For small-scale social research projects, 90-100. Padgett, D. K. (2016). Qualitative methods in social work research. Sage Publications. Schmidt, F. L., Hunter, J. E. (2014). Methods of meta-analysis. Correcting error and bias in research findings. Sekaran, U., Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business. A skill building approach, 120-40.

Pacific Brands Case Study Analysis

Pacific Brands is an Australian company that manufacturers home appliances and uniforms for fire fighters. The company has experienced problems if managing its employees and staying afloat in the hard economic times. In addition, the company has decided to retire off its workers to cut on costs and reduce its spending in order to survive.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Pacific Brands Case Study Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other companies, including some rivals, have shifted their operations to china and are doing well against the problems in the economy at the time. The other problem with the company is that it is not able to balance the salaries among its employees. While the government has tried to bail out the company from crisis, the company management decided to lay off workers and at the same time increase the earnings of its management team. It appears wrong for the company managers to do this, taking in to consideration that the company is on the verge of collapse. The other problem with the company is that it is not able to adapt to the difficult times like other companies in the region. Several other Australian companies are said to have shifted their operations to China after it became impossible for them to operate in Australia. The public image of the company is tainted since even the government was not in support of the actions of the company management of retiring off the workers while there was a better action that could have been taken. Although the relocation of operations is not a new practice in Australia, it is not ethical to follow the actions of other companies considering the fact that a pacific brand has employed many people in Australia. Management Problems The case of pacific brands is a difficult one. The company management insists on moving its operations to china in an emergency move to protect itself against the deteriorating marketing situ ation in Australia. The shift of operations is because China has cheaper labour and has a better overall access to raw materials.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the company has not considered its priorities while it chose to move its operations to china. Although Pacific Brands claims to be flexible, it is proved otherwise by a keen examination of its decisions to move its operations to china. The company has not explored less radical idea of shifting its production to other types of goods, which are selling at a good price for the sake of its workers and its market in Australia. In addition, the management has hurt the public image when some personalities and the government come out in criticism of the company’s actions (Oshri, 2011, p.75). An overall assessment of the company’s actions shows that its management is incapable of making good decis ions on the behalf of its workers and the company as a whole. The decisions that have been taken by the company at the moment seem to be against the interest of many people who are important in the light of the company’s popularity in Australia (Oshri 2011, p.81). The actions that the company has opted to institute as a solution to the problems it faces are not in the interest of the community and the company employees (Schermerhorn 2011, p.85). The said actions are an emulation of the actions that companies took in the eighteenth century. It is not logical to compare situations and circumstances of companies from the eighteenth century with the situation of the company in Australia in the twenty first century. It can be understood that the company is facing a situation of total collapse if it fails to take action on the current problems in its marketing (Gospel Pendleton 2005, p.120). The management has contradicted itself in its commitment to survival of the company. The f acts are that the company is making profit, and that it has better options. In addition, the manufacturer has received support from the government to help the company to stay afloat in the economic situation of the time The other problem that the company has is the inability to speculate the future trend of the market and the labour. Currently, the problems that the company faces are due to global economic crisis. An earlier detection of the impending problems in the company’s operations could have helped the company salvage the situation in a better way.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Pacific Brands Case Study Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is supported by the fact that the company has decided to move its operations to china when it is already too late. The time that it would take for the company to shift from Australia to China, and the cost of the actions does not seem logical dep ending on the nature of the problem at hand (Oshri et al 2009, p.52). Another problem in the company’s operations is the lack of an alternative product to market during low economic times. The company’s production lines seem fixated on selling the same goods it had been producing when it was performing better. Possible Solutions If Pacific Brands wished to control the rise of prices of its products in the market, it should have considered other means. One of the tactics that would have been useful in solving the problems that the company faces now is cutting down on its spending. It is noted that the workers are not complaining on the current pay of the general labour population. However, the company has decided to increase the pay of its management while ignoring the plight of the bigger worker population. It is absurd decision to increase any of the company employee’s salaries when the company faces closure due to financial insolvency (Schermerhorn 2011, p.89) . The management team including the president of the company is a part of the labour force that the company pays to maintain operations. However, the management has decided to ignore this fact and go on to exempt them by increasing their salaries at this time. Instead of a complete shift of operations to other countries, the company should have considered selling some of its assets to a willing foreign company to increase its capital base (Hopkins 2010, p.46). In addition, the company should have considered shifting its production to other goods since the products it was offering at that time were already being offered in the country at a cheaper price. Justification Pacific Brands is in dire crises now. Its experienced labour and its factories are at the risk of being permanently lost in the temporary economic depression. The company ought not to have decided to move its operations since it still has other options.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shifting line of production and reducing spending and overheads is one of the solutions that would have helped the company survive hard times. Moreover, the negative publicity associated with the company’s action is not worth risking, considering that its major market is in Australia. References Gospel, H. F., Pendleton, A 2005, Corporate governance and labour management: an international comparison, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Hopkins, T 2010, Selling in tough times: secrets to selling when no one is buying, Business Plus, New York. Oshri, I., Kotlarsky, J., Willcocks, L 2009, The handbook of global outsourcing and offshoring, New York Publishers, Basingstoke, Hampshire. Oshri, I 2011, Offshoring strategies: evolving captive center models, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. Schermerhorn, J. R 2011, Management foundations and applications, John Wiley, Milton, Qld. This case study on Pacific Brands Case Study Analysis was written and submitted by user Madeline Albert to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hobbes, Machiavelli and human nature Essays

Hobbes, Machiavelli and human nature Essays Hobbes, Machiavelli and human nature Paper Hobbes, Machiavelli and human nature Paper Essay Topic: Leviathan Throughout our study of political theory this semester there seems to be a recurring theme prevalent in each of the readings, that being an attempt to explain and characterize human nature. The concept of human nature relies on the idea that there is an innate set of characteristics shared by all humans which explain the way people act, feel, or even think. As a political scientist, its important to question what causes these characteristics to exist, if at all, as they are of great importance when trying to understand the vast political structure and all of the underlying factors which allow politics to function. I would also argue that the understanding of the concept of human nature is also crucial when discussing the realm of human society, as the idea of human nature provides the standard for how people can functionally coexist with one another while also determining whether or not an individual has lead a good life or not. Thomas Hobbes and Machiavelli provide the best accounts of true human nature, as both men suggest that humans, by nature, are corrupt, self-interested, and are destined to destroy themselves and the people around them in an attempt to achieve their own desires, ideas which one can still see practiced in modern day capitalism. In his writing of Leviathan, Hobbes describes the individual human as a highly sophisticated machine, in which all of the inner-workings described as mechanical functions (Leviathan, p. 9). Hobbes relation of a human to a machine provides the jumping off point for his belief regarding what drives human actions. Hobbes claims that certain appetites or desires come about in the human experience and that these desires must be dealt with, and that each individual will choose to act upon these appetites in an effort to achieve their own self-preservation (Leviathan, p. 39). This view that it is human nature to act upon the desires which are most prevalent in our lives raises the idea that humans are innately self-interested, if not selfish. Hobbes acknowledges that the natural human inclination to act independently of one another while promoting self-interests results in a perpetual state of war through which men will attempt to conquer one another to achieve personal desires (Leviathan, p. 88-89). The state of war proposed by Hobbes results in a way of life that is solitary, poore, nasty, brutish, and short (Leviathan, p.89). The self-interested behavior that humans innately exhibit according to Hobbes, seems to draw a direct modern day parallel to the actions undertaken by many in Americas current capitalistic economic system, an issue which I will tackle farther along in my paper, but now I will turn to another cynic of human nature, Niccolo Machiavelli. Machiavelli, perhaps even more so than Hobbes, had a very pessimistic view regarding human nature which is quite relevant throughout the numerous chapters of The Prince. For one can say this generally of men: that they are ungrateful, fickle, pretenders and dissemblers, evaders of danger, eager for gain. While you do them good, they are yours, offering you their blood, property, lives, and children when the need for them is far away; but, when it is close to you, they revolt. (The Prince, p. 66) Here Machiavelli provides an obviously destructive criticism of human nature, in that men innately are beings that will turn on one another at the drop of a hat when things arent going the way they wish them to. The statement that men are also eager for gain is also very telling in that Machiavelli believes, similar to the thought process of Hobbes, that it is human nature to act in a self-interested manner, where all that really matters is individual prosperity rather than social well-being. Machiavelli continues his assault on the nature of men when stating, love is held by a chain of obligation, which, because men are wicked, is broken at every opportunity for their own utility (The Prince, p. 66). Machiavelli here makes several ascertations regarding human nature, some similar to the beliefs presented by his first quote. First that the affection and trustworthiness of men is constantly on a tipping scale, in affluent times men can be trusted and are capable of love towards others, whereas when harsh times befall men, then will act to deceive and revert back to their selfish nature in order to gain a leg up in society. In reference to the chain of obligation being broken, Machiavelli is stating that it is human nature for men to break the ties which bind them to certain obligations when they see fit, and the breaking of these bonds shows how untrustworthy human beings truly are. Machiavelli yet again questions the trustworthiness and the self-interests of human nature by stating and if all men were good, this teaching would not be good; but because they are wicked and do not observe faith with you.. (The Prince, p. 69). Machiavelli again postulates that by human nature men are wicked, and in this instance in referring to the fact that men cannot be trusted because they do not share the same desires that the Prince may have. The idea that due to human nature men cannot be trusted again rears its ugly head. Finally I present a fourth and final quote from Machiavelli in regards to his thoughts of human nature: Truly it is a very natural and ordinary thing to desire to acquire, and always, when men do it who can, they will be praised or not blamed; but when they cannot, and wish to do it anyway, here lie the error and the blame. (The Prince, p. 14-15) Machiavelli again takes aim at the innate human desire to acquire wealth and material possessions for himself, but also at those who attempt to obtain such things. Another idea presented here is that one aspect of human nature is to glorify those who can achieve their goals, while at the same time admonishing those who, for some circumstance, werent able to achieve a certain goal. This statement says a lot regarding human nature, in that through achievement of goals one might obtain some sort of power, and it is human nature to admire any form of power regardless of how it can about. Machiavellis opinion of human nature is one that is cynical and at times dreadful, but in referencing his beliefs to the modern day acts of those in America, I dont think he was far off. 1. ) Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan https://reserves. lib. ncsu. edu/reservesViewer. php? reserve=158326 Accessed 2/22/10 2. ) Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Trans. Harvey C. Mansfield. Chicago, IL: The U of Chicago P, 1998. Print.

The Best Marketing Campaign Template For Success

The Best Marketing Campaign Template For Success Marketing campaign planning is a complex process. Delivering one consistent message across multiple channels to reach your audience isn’t easy. Without smart strategy and sound processes in place, it can quickly become a disorganized mess. In this post, youll learn how to map out successful marketing campaigns. From planning to execution, you’ll keep everything on track to guide your organization or client toward success. First, we’ll walk through how to build a marketing campaign creative brief, outlining your strategy for client or supervisor approval. Then, we’ll show you how to map out a marketing project timeline for your campaign. Plus, youll get two free templates to make sure you have the tools to put this advice into practice. Grab em both! The Marketing Suite For The Pros Are you looking for an *optimal* way to manage your marketing campaigns? ...a way that doesn't require three different spreadsheets no one other than you uses? ...a way that is *actually* designed to help you manage marketing campaigns (rather than just any old business project)? is that Platform. Here's what makes the best family of marketing tools to help you organize everything you're working on: Manage All Your Marketing Campaigns in ONE Place With the Marketing Calendar, you can create and manage a single publishing calendar that serves as the blueprint for your content, social, email, events, and more - all in one place. Plan Your Entire Content Marketing Strategy The Content Organizer helps your team ideate, plan, create, and publish in one place. Organize your entire editorial schedule while integrating with your blog, email, and social platforms. Overcome Collaboration Hurdles The Work Organizer consolidates team resource planning and project management to help you complete every project on time. Delegate team tasks like a pro, keep a pulse on every project and understand your team’s capacity to keep everything moving forward. Social Scheduling, But Smarter No more disconnected single-purpose tools. Use the Social Organizer to create large-scale campaigns in seconds. Intelligently schedule using Best Time Scheduling, fill out your social calendar via ReQueue social automation, and see your results with social media analytics. ...alright, now let's get to business! Table of Contents Pitching Your Campaign Focusing on 10X Goals Developing Creative Campaign Concepts Establish Your Target Audience Assemble Your Team + Know Your Budget Channel Selection Goals Metrics Mapping Out Campaign Execution Why Spend Time on Marketing Campaign Planning? Quality creative work doesn’t happen by accident. If you’re churning out nothing but ad hoc projects or skipping strategy sessions, then your work is unlikely to impact the bottom line. That leads to budget cuts for your department, making success even more difficult to achieve. When they’re planned the right way, successful marketing campaigns do the following: They connect with your target audience. You should know who you want to reach, and how you want to reach them. They move the needle on your KPIs. You should be producing real results you can measure with actual numbers. They grow your business. Attracting leads and raising revenue are what this is all about. Execution without a plan is just busywork. Busywork doesn’t build businesses or make meaningful careers. Pitching Your Campaign: Preparing a Creative Brief Once you know what you’ll do, how you’ll do it, and who you’ll do it for, it’s time to pitch your campaign to your stakeholders. For in-house (or client-side) marketers, that could mean your boss (or their boss). If you’re at an agency, that’ll mean your clients. One of the best ways to do this is with a well-prepared campaign brief. Here’s what yours should include: Campaign summary: This is a brief description of your campaign’s marketing goals and creative concept. Resources:Â  This is your budget, team members, and projected timeline to complete the campaign. Talking Points:Â  Break down your message into bullet points. Goals + Measurement:Â  This is how you’ll gauge the success of your campaign. Marketing Campaign Timeline: Map out when each piece of your project will be completed. Download the marketing campaign template kit that complements this blog posts to fill in the Word document: Focusing on 10X Goals: Start By Stating Your Objective Without a clear objective, you risk producing directionless work that doesn’t deliver measurable results. You end up spinning your wheels, working hard toward nothing in particular, which is a recipe for burnout and frustration. That’s why every campaign should start with a goal in mind.

Islamic architecture 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Islamic architecture 2 - Essay Example The beginning of Islamic Architecture takes place with the construction of the Great Mosque at Cordoba in the Iberian Peninsula. Muslims as well as the Christians consider it a wonder of the medieval ages. The construction of great mosque of Cordoba initiated in between â€Å"784 and 786 at the site of a Christian Visigothic Church† 2. In specific, Abd ar-Rahman acquired the church, and subsequently, his grandchildren modified it over two centuries to transform it into a religious entity, starting in 784. The mosque itself was built in four phases  and is observed as a trademark of sacred Islamic architecture. Ferdinand III king of Castile took over Cordoba in 12363 and sanctioned the Great Mosque as the cathedral of city, Mezquita, and used it with negligible changes for the next three centuries4. In 929, when Abd al-Rahman III5 confirmed himself caliph, and the Spanish Umayyads attained the peak of their supremacy. The caliph built the fortress capital of Madinah al-Zahra about thirteen kilometers Northwest of Cordoba, with its focus to impress the world and exhibit its massive military. He made it his empires managerial and legislative headquarters. The construction in Medina al-Zahra proceeded speedily, particularly since Abd al-Rahman III put in one third of the state revenues in its progression. Finally, he brought in the largest and most grand secular venture of his period, which stayed matchless irrespective of the numerous cities founded until its end. As the caliphate fell in the 11th century, the city then was sacked and smoldered. The new Minister of Caliph Hisham II, Vizir-ul-Mansur6 shifted his concentration towards the east of Cordoba and deserted the city during his reign. Later, the Berber troops destroyed this palace-city in 10107. The Great Mosque of Cordoba is most illustrious for its gigantic arches, with approximately eight hundred fifty six pillars of natural stones. These legendary

Discuss Proust's theory of memory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discuss Proust's theory of memory - Essay Example Proust, a contemporary of Freud was greatly influenced by the latter in his philosophical leanings and in literary work. Freud treated symbolism in his book Psychoanalysis. According to this theory he propounded which must have influenced Proust, objects or ideas are represented by symbols. Our dreams can symbolize something we have left unexpressed and remain embedded in our unconscious mind. Many of Freud's ideas, however, are sex-oriented . In the complex realm of our existence, the truth remains that ugliness and perversion abound which we try to prevent from surfacing in our conscious mind. These however may find their way into consciousness in our unguarded moments. Proust was a realist and at the same time a symbolist. As such he portrays mental awareness as stream of consciousness. This reduces man's dignity as a human being. Common to Freud and Proust's work is the prevalence or integration of sex into their hierarchy of value.

Approaches to Psychology Essay Example for Free

Approaches to Psychology Essay The psychoanalytic approach was started and developed mainly in Europe between 1900 and 1939 by Sigmund Freud, a Viennese doctor who specialized in neurology. As a doctor, he became interested in the field of hysteria the manifestation of physical symptoms without physical causes and became convinced that unconscious mental causes were responsible, and could be responsible for all mental disorders and even our personality. He created the theory of personality, and based his ideas upon intensive case studies of a considerable range of patients, especially his infamous study on Little Hans, a young boy who Freud carried out psychoanalysis upon. Bowlby (1946) applied Freuds theories when he used psychoanalysis on a large group of children with various ages on a study of habitual delinquency. The central emphasis is on dynamic, biological processes especially those taking place in the unconscious mind, and involves the idea of psychic determinism, i. e. Freudian slips. Freud said that we all have instinctual drives wishes, desires, needs, or demands, which are hidden and suppressed from the consciousness because society disapproves of their open expression. Freud proposes three main components of the mind; the id, the ego and the superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle and its goal is immediate gratification and reduction of tension caused by irrational impulses. The ego operates on the reality principle, and controls the id in its reaction with the world. The superego operates on the idealisation principle, with norms and values of society being internalised. According to this approach, we all undergo psychosexual stages oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital which gradually motivate the individual to focus on the libido, and can be linked with the Oedipus complex. The libido is described as psychic energy behind primary drives of hunger, aggression, sex and irrational impulses. Fixation at any of these stages can lead to behaviour in our adulthood reflecting earlier stages of our childhood, which are caused by unresolved conflicts. For example, fixation at the oral stage can cause adult behaviour that is centred on the mouth (eating, smoking, etc. ) The purpose of psychoanalysis was as a therapy to treat mental disorder by means of treating the unconscious mind. The methods that Freud used for investigating the unconsciousness were by means of case studies, and deep analysis and interpretation. Free association involves the uninhibited expression of thought association, no matter how bizarre or embarrassing, from the client to the analyst. Dream analysis involves the analyst attempting to decode the symbols and unravel the hidden meaning (the latent content) of a dream from the dreamers report (the manifest content). Freud used his theory to explain a number of topics. He explained that the development of personality came from fixations or defence mechanisms, and that aggression was caused by hydraulic drives and displacement. Abnormality was seen as the consequence of early traumas and repression, which subsequently could impair our moral and gender development, the latter being the result of the Oedipus complex. The psychoanalytic approach has been greatly influential within psychology, in areas such as psychotherapy and developmental theories, and also beyond in art, literature and other sciences, some 100 years since Freud first developed his ideas. His theory has had some experimental support in certain areas, such as repression and fixation. Freud introduced the world to the concept of the unconscious, and regarded his case studies like Little Hans and Anna O as firm empirical support for his theory. He thought his belief in determinism and detailed collection of data were scientific, yet many psychologists today argue that his theories and ideas are too biological, that is that they rely too much on the influence of basic instincts and physical drives. Most of Freuds ideas and concepts came from only a handful of results on the study of children. Freud could have allowed his own prejudices to shape his analysis, leading to no objective measures. His close interventions and feedback to the childs family could have changed the childs behaviour and that of its family. Psychoanalysis lacks rigorous empirical support, especially regarding normal development, and leads to reductionism, i. e. it reduces human activity to a basic set of structures, which cant account for behaviour. Freuds ideas have been accused of being irrefutable, and are therefore theoretically unscientific. Another approach to psychology is the behaviourist approach, which concentrates on the theory of learning and behavioural therapy, and tries to explain behaviour in terms of its relation to environmental events (stimuli), rather than any innate factors. The view that behaviour should be the sole subject matter of psychology was first advanced by the American psychologist John B. Watson in the early 1900s. His position came to be called behaviourism. He believed that psychologists could not afford to speculate upon the unobservable inner workings of the mind, since they are too private to be studied scientifically. For the behaviourist, much of their research focuses on objectively observable behaviour, rather than any internal process. The approach proposes that behaviour is radical, and that it is caused and maintained in this way.

The Berlin Book Burning and the Beginning of the Nazi Regime Essay

Leaders are always looking to demonstrate their power. They want to show the world that they are the ones in authority, that no one should cross their path or challenge their ideas. To do this leaders burn books that they want to efface from the minds of their followers. Book burnings are always a part of a massive turning point in history, either for good or bad. In most cases book burnings appear towards the beginning of the battle, to strengthen everyone’s opinion to be with or against whatever the leaders may be burning. Burnings of books appear all over history, and all over the world, so they were not a rare sight to see or hear of. The Nazi regime burned books on May 10, 1933 in Berlin; it was one of the first book burnings that they preformed around Germany before and during WWII. The German poet Heinrich Heine in 1822 perfectly predicted what the Nazi regime was going to do during WWII in one sentence: â€Å"Where they burn books, they will, in the end, burn human be ings too† (Heine), which leads to the fact that the Berlin Book Burning was just the start of a new gruesome period in time. Though just because book burnings took place on several occasions in history does not mean it did not affect anyone, matter of fact it was of massive importance. The Berlin Book Burning had a colossal impact on the Nazis; it allowed their ideas to spread, it increased the awareness and fear of the Nazis, and it helped ensure the ignorance of the Germans. The Berlin Book Burning burned writings that the German student associations viewed as â€Å"un-German†, which then made the Nazi’s ideas spread to places it had not reached before and allowed it to take control. Dr. Goebbels was the mastermind behind the Berlin Book Burning. Dr. Goebbels was ma... ...els: Minister of Propaganda and Enlightenment." Joseph Goebbels. Historical . . Boys' Clothing, 9 July 2010. Web. 05 Nov. 2013. "Joseph Goebbels: On the "Big Lie"" Joseph Goebbels On the "Big Lie" Jewish Virtual Library. . . Web. 03 Nov. 2013. Milton, John. "Quotations about Liberty and Power." Areopagitica . Ed. Sir Richard C. Jebb. . Areopagitica, with a Commentary by Sir Richard C. Jebb and with Supplementary Material . . ed.: Cambridge at the UP, 1918. N. pag. Areopagitica a Speech of Mr John Milton. 15 May . 2006. Web. 03 Nov. 2013. Stern, Guy. "The Burning of the Books in Nazi Germany, 1933: The American Response." 2 . Annual 2 Chapter 05-Simon Wiesenthal Center Multimedia Learning Center. The Simon , . Wiesenthal Center, 1997. Web. 03 Nov. 2013.

How to do things

As the given quantity. How many significant figures are in the following quantities? Calculations with significant figures: Rounding: If the first digit to be dropped is 4 or less, then it and all following digits are simply dropped from the number If the first digit to be dropped is 5 or greater, then the last detained digit is increased by 1 (I. E. Round up). 4. 2349 4. 2379 10. 010 10. 016 Multiplication and Division: The final answer in the calculation should have the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant figures. Addition and Subtraction: The final answer in the calculation should have the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places.Solve each of the following calculations and give an answer with the correct number of decimal places or significant figures. 45. 48 CM + 8. 057 CM = 1. 008 L – 0. 58596 L – 45. 7 x 0. 034 – 0. 00278 x 5 00 x 185 – 2. 40 / (4+ 125) = (3. 64 â⠂¬â€œ 0. 070) / 0. 00035 Conversion Factors: Conversion factors are used to change from one unit to another. Density, military, parts per million (pimp), parts per billion (BP), percentages, OLDS values are some examples of conversion factors. 1. 00 inch = 2. 54 CM is another conversion factor (metric to English and vice versa).Study Note: You do not need to memorize conversion factors. HOWEVER you should know how to write all the conversion factors listed above. Use the data on Table 1. 8 on page 21 and the table on the back of the textbook cover to solve C. F. Problems. A ewe examples of calculations using conversion factors: 1. A person who weighs 175 pounds is 8% body fat. How many pounds of fat does the person have? 2. The OLDS (or Lethal Dose that kills 50% of the test population†¦ Which are rats) value is a measure of a substance's toxicity. The lower the value the more toxic the substance.EVERY chemical has an OLDS value How many MGM of caffeine will kill a 175 pound pe rson if the OLDS of caffeine is 192 MGM/keg? 3. How many liters of olive oil are in 30. 0 g if the density of the oil is 0. 92 g/ml at 25 co? (Density is a C. F. Used to convert mass to volume for a liquid). *Challenge: How many goof gasoline are in 40. 1 gallons? Density: The amount of mass in a given volume for any substance. D =m/v Specific Gravity: A ratio of the density off liquid to the density of water. This is a ENTITLES number. Density and therefore specific gravity vary with temperature.Liquids become viscous when cooled and thin out when heated. A Hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity of liquids like beer, urine, inkiest dyes and other substances. The specific gravity of urine can be a quick indicator of certain health problems: Reduced specific gravity diabetes insipid certain renal diseases excess fluid intake diabetes mellitus Raised specific gravity dehydration adrenal insufficiency nephritis congestive cardiac-failure liver disease Constant specific grav ity chronic renal disorder This brew-master in figure 1. 3 is using a hydrometer to determine the progress of fermentation. Why does ice float? Study Goals for Chapter 1: Write quantities in scientific notation (and vice versa) Identify the amount of significant figures in a measurement Use conversion factors to change units in a quantity Understand the importance of specific gravity readings of urine ENERGY Everything in the universe is either matter or energy Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space. Solids, liquids, gases, atoms, and even subatomic particles (protons, neutrons and electrons). Energy: The ability to do work.Two main categories of energy: Potential Energy: Stored energy such as food, gasoline, wood prior to burning, water at the top of a dam, TAP (the bodies energy source) etc. Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion such as running (burning carbohydrates and fat), driving a car (burning gasoline or hydrogen), water flowing over a dam, a campfire, etc. Electromag netic Radiation (light energy): Visible light, infrared light, ultraviolet light, microwaves, X- says are some examples of electromagnetic energy. As matter gets smaller (I. E. Approaching the bottom of the pyramid of life), it starts to behave like energy.Matter is nothing more than organized energy! Check out the film What the Bleep Do We Know For more on this subject of matter and energy. Heat: Temperature: Units of Energy: The SSL unit for energy is the Joule 0), a derived unit. The older and more common unit is the calorie (Cal). 1 calorie = 4. 184 J Energy and Nutrition For measuring the amount of energy in food or burned during exercise, the calories (aka food calorie) is used and is abbreviated C. When you read a label on a box of food the amount of energy is in food calories. 1 C = 1,000.Cal How do we measure the amount of C in food? Burn it in a calorimeter! When food is ignited and burned, the heat warms the water in the surrounding combustion chamber. The energy given of f by the food is proportional to the temperature change of the water and can be easily calculated. Please memorize the following conversion factors! You should leave this class knowing how much energy is in each food type. How many C are in 6. 0 oz of ground beef which contains 45. 0 Goff protein and 1 1. 0 g of fat? What are the main functions of fats, proteins and carbohydrates in the body?More on this at the end of the course. Temperature Conversions Table 2. 5 Celsius to Kelvin: -arc + 273 Celsius to Fahrenheit: -arc = (TFH – 32)/ 1. 8 No need to memorize these, Just know how to use them properly. Normal body temperature is 96. 8 – 98. 6 OF. Deviations outside of this range begin to impair body functions. Therefore, accurate readings to one decimal place are necessary. Specific Heat is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1. 0 grams of any substance exactly 1 co. Every substance absorbs heat, some more than others. Water has an extremely high heat capacity.In the reverse process (freezing) energy (heat) is lost. Why do you get chill when you exit the shower? Heat of Vaporization = Energy needed to convert 1. 0 Goff a liquid into a gas (or vapor). L to V, energy is absorbed by the liquid. V to L, energy is lost by the vapor. Heat mass X Heat of vaporization Hap for water = 540 cal/g. Of water Heat of Fusion = Energy needed to convert 1. 0 Goff a solid into a liquid. Heat = (mass) (Heat of fusion) Some substances go directly from the solid to the vapor phase. This process is called sublimation. Dry ice (CA), iodine (12), camphor, and menthol are examples.

HUM 102 Week 1 Individual Assignment Humanities Today Paper Essay

When learning about people and their cultures, it becomes inevitably to recognize how people are the result of their traditions, their stories, their ideas, and their words. It also becomes necessarily to learn about how people from past generations created the world they lived in and how this world made them the way they were. Learning about humanities is more than studying about past cultures. Each generation leaves a creative legacy, the sum of its ideas and achievements. This legacy represents the response to the effort to ensure individual and collective survival, the need to establish ways of  living in harmony with others, and the desire to understand everyone’s place in the universe (Fiero, 2011). The study of Humanities is the study of the people and how they learn and documented their human experiences through art, music, architecture, philosophy, and literature. Defining Humanities â€Å"The humanities are academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences† (University of South Florida, 2014). The primary definition of the singular form â€Å"humanity† refers to being â€Å"humane† that  means civilized and well-educated. Humane people recognize and practice concepts like â€Å"hospitality† and â€Å"justice†, even though its definition may vary in different places. The word â€Å"humanity† also refers to the â€Å"human race†. Using the word â€Å"humanities† it usually refers to the field of study within university settings, a group of subjects scholars study, discuss and debate including history, music, art, languages, philosophy, religion, and literature. (Behling, 2012) There are qualities that distinguish the humanities from other modes of human inquiry and expression. The humanities engage in critical evaluation of visual, literary, communication and performing arts. In other words, the humanities critically analyze the human experiences HUMANITIES TODAY 3 across cultures that engage all modes of understanding such as intellectual, imaginative, and emotional. The study of humanities goes beyond just practicing the arts. It is the intense analysis of the art and its outcomes as well as how the imagination, emotions, and uncertainty affect the human being. The humanities explore the relationship between the insubstantial and hidden meanings. It provides expression to all forms of human experience using all modes of understanding. The humanities capture the idea that is not just to study the arts but to engage with other modes of understanding including rational, intellectual, and critical mode as learned from social sciences. The humanities understand the role of individuals in exploring the human conditions. It reflects on the form and the content of all modes of expression including language, visual, auditory, or tactile. The study of humanities attends to the aspects of human experience that cannot be measured. For instance, when learning a new language. The humanities recognize the general patterns of literature, linguistic, visual and performing arts throughout history. It also constructs and evaluates oral and written discussions in a logical form. The Current Developments in Politics, Socioeconomics, and Technology The arts, music, architecture, philosophy, and literature, are some of the disciplines of the humanities. These disciplines offer models and methods for addressing dilemmas and acknowledging ambiguity. They can help individuals face the tension between their concerns; promote informed discussions of conflicts; and place current issues in historical perspective. These disciplines of humanity give voice and artistic shape to experience, balancing passion and rationality while exploring issues of morality and value. The study of humanities provides the HUMANITIES TODAY 4 scenario in which expressions, interpretations, and experiences can be recognized in areas explored by shared interests (The Ohio Humanities Council, 2015). The visual arts employ a wide variety of media, ranging from traditional colors used in painting, to wood, clay, marble, plastic and neon used in sculptures, to digital media, including photography and film. The form of the art work depends on the manner in which the artist manipulates the elements of color, line, texture, and space. Artists manipulate form to describe the visible world or to create worlds of fantasy. (Fiero, 2011) There is a strong relationship between the arts and politics. In response to current political events within society, the arts may adopt certain social dimensions focusing on the controversy and on inspiring social changes. For instance, Alexander Pushkin, (who died in 1837 at the age of 37), was a famous Russian writer who used his talent to irritate Russian officials by  composing extremely arrogant and independent material which made fun of major and minor dictators (Wikipedia, 2015). The Arts are a form of expression used to manifest all types of emotions – in earlier and current times. It is a talent inspired by the free spirit of those with the capacity to express it. The major elements of music are melody, rhythm, and harmony. However, while literary and visual texts are usually descriptive, music is almost nonrepresentational: it rarely has meaning beyond sound itself. Dance is the art form made by the human body as a way of expression and performance oriented. (Fiero, 2011) Information collected by the Department of Education of the United States revealed that students involved in band or orchestra during their middle and high school years demonstrated to have higher levels of math proficiency by grade twelve. This data also showed that students who participate in school band have the lowest levels of current and lifelong use of alcohol, tobacco, HUMANITIES TODAY 5 and illicit drugs when compared to other groups within society. (Music Empowers Foundation, 2015) The architecture and its planning are fundamentally based in society. The built  environment affects the everyday actions of the people and their understanding of cultural values, social relations, institutions, and distributions of power. The failure of architects and planners to learn from the stories that are part of the people’s lives and to actually link the community values in their work is at the core of many urban dysfunctions present in current times. (Bartholomew & Locher, 2007) In terms of philosophy, the search for the truth through reasoned analysis, and history make use of prose to analyze and communicate ideas and information. In terms of literature,  content and form are usually interrelated. The subject manner or form of a literary piece determines its genre. For instance, a long narrative poem that recounts the adventures of a hero constitutes an epic while a formal speech in praise of a person or thing constitutes a tribute. (Fiero, 2011) Conclusion The humanities today gives you the capacity to interpret ideas, a greater creativity, the ability to analyze things from different perspectives, the development of a richer understanding of other people’s feelings and experiences as well as human nature, the ability to listen and think,  and how to engage with expressing oneself. HUMANITIES TODAY 6 References Bartholomew, K. & Locher, M. , University of Utah (2007). People & Place: Humanities-based Pedagogy in Architecture and Planning. Retrieved from http://faculty. arch. utah. edu/bartholomew/Bartholomew_Locher. pdf Behling, D. , Huffington Post (2012). On Studying the Humanities: What Does it Mean to be Human? Retrieved from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/david-behling/humanities- majors_b_1569600. html? Fiero, G. , (2011). The Humanistic Tradition, Book 3: The European Renaissance, The Reformation, and The Global Encounter. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Music Empowers Foundation (2015). Why Music? Retrieved from http://musicempowersfoundation. org/why-music The Ohio Humanities Council (2015). What Are The Humanities? Retrieved from http://www. units. miamioh. edu/technologyandhumanities/humanitiesdefinition. htm University of South Florida. College of Arts and Sciences (2014). What is Humanities? Retrieved from http://humanities. usf. edu/undergraduate/ba/ Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia (2015). The Arts and Politics. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_arts_and_politics.

Case of barclay memorial hospital Essays

Case of barclay memorial hospital Essays Case of barclay memorial hospital Paper Case of barclay memorial hospital Paper By browsing on the brief history of the Barclay Memorial Hospital, one will notice one thing that would immediately be blamed for its bankruptcy- bad leadership. BMH was beforehand performing excellent on the aspects of financial, managerial and services including the morale of the employees. As has been mentioned, BMH has been in the business for fifty years and it is to be stressed that those years has been spent for excellent services rendered to its clients (p. 95). Being a district hospital, it should have pretty good edge on other private hospitals especially on matters of legal affairs. It does have the edge in lower service fees over private hospitals because it operates as government owned business and therefore is supported by tax revenues from the district. It is also an advantage for BMH to be a district hospital because it could have a better service appeal or service loyalty on the part of the district residents having the sense of ownership the district hospital. BMH has an established edge in the market because of the fact that it is the most desirable choice of maternity hospital (p. 96). Its attentive nurses and newly renovated private rooms are enough to make their services more appealing. The annual number of patients that has availed of its services is an evidence of its financial health. With 325,000 patients every year, we can estimate that it has about 900 patients everyday which means that its 300 bed-capacity is fully utilized assuming that part of the 900 patients are out-patients or has stayed just about two days at BMH. With $120 million gross annual revenues, one will understand that it is generating $10 million monthly or around $350,000 everyday. With 600 full time employees, BMH must have been financially stable to pay for their salaries and benefits. Although it was not clearly stated what percentage of this gross revenues were spent in operating expenses, we can say that the hospital is financially healthy. The first major bad decision that BMH management did was to merge with Valley Physician Group (VPG) and the Physician Hospital Organization (PHO). What was obviously wrong here is that they know that VPG and PHO’s first requirement is to have BMH be privatized. This means that BMH would have to lose its benefits when it was just operating as a district hospital. Another thing is that there would obviously be changes in its management strategies and at least the board of directors, the key management personnel and of course the implementation of its bylaws. With privatization and merging with VPG, BMH can no longer decide on its own because it has already allowed other people to intervene in its business affairs. The result then was its bankruptcy. There was no clear explanation as why BMH management decided to join VPG and PHO when its operations are said to be at a healthy stage. In my opinion there was no sound basis for deciding to do so because there seems to be no need of joining VPG or PHO as a marketing strategy or as part of survival catch up. Because there are already more people involved in the running the hospital, there were already more people who have their own vested interests intertwined in the affairs of BMH and that what was bad here is the reality of conflicting interests over BMH operations. BMH had elected an abusive CEO who was so irresponsible of letting his patients wait long enough that high-paid staff were made idle. With the CEO’s conduct, it had spent utilities and operating expenses including the excessive use of supplies so irresponsibly that it took just sometime to let BMH lose almost all of its capacity to generate income. Obviously, BMH was not able to control the poor management style of its key management personnel and that the board of directors just let that thing happen until BMH crashed down. It was of BMH’s luck to have Schilling who was able to have the courage and the will to save what was left of BMH. Schilling at first was a good choice because of his ability to eliminate the hospital’s deficit, he was able to bring back the benefits of the employees and even increased their salaries, reduced the percentage of expenses versus their revenues and most importantly, he was able to bring back BMH into a district hospital. Schilling however had a problem with delegation of authority. It may not seem to be an indication of irresponsibility for letting Porter, the COO to make the most of management affairs. However he must have placed too much confidence on the COO who does not seem to be a good leadership pick. It is not clear whether Schilling was aware of the authoritarian style of Porter’s leadership or that Schilling just ignore the situation. Whatever is the case, Schilling cannot be excused for leaving almost everything in the hands of Porter. Another major bad decision made by the CEO was that of keeping the strategic plan confidential from the rest of the board members. First, I would say that this decision was highly unethical based on the fact that business ethics require that management affairs should be kept transparent to the members of the board as the major decision makers of the business. Secondly, it is improper to keep the board member wondering what was going on with the plans. In fact, planning should involve the members of the board since they are the major stakeholders of the business. Lastly it was improper that Schilling made the strategic plan a surprise for all. The bad side of this step is that it the said plan has not been reviewed by the members of the board and in that case, whatever the loophole contained therein has not been corrected nor was being noticed. This was what happened to Schilling’s strategic plan which later turned out to be faulty for having his financial projection resulted to $24 million loss (p. 101). The most immediate result was that Schilling lost support from the members of the board including the management. In an organization, I believe that the most important part of leadership is of establishing a formidable relationship with its members- from the top management to the least of the personnel at the bottom of the organizational chart. It is vital for a leader to have the support of at least the majority of its members in order that he will be able to implement his plans well enough because of the support and loyalty he gets from the members. It is vital that communication lines are kept open, in two-way, in order that vital information flow freely in that line for decision-making purposes. Losing support from employees and other organizational members, especially the decision makers, would make a leader inefficient. I believe that it does not take a brilliant CEO to run a profitable company; rather I believe that a responsible, sensitive and lowly CEO can run a company with a healthy working environment. Schilling is good but was weak enough to tolerate the existence of Porter and Mavory in his way. The consultant should start working here. Carson as the newly hired consultant, although is expected to work independently, should first work on having the support of the members of the board and the major decision-makers at BMH. More than Porter, Carson must be able to eliminate the kind of Mavory who was not actually a troubled physician but a troubling one inside BMH. The old strategic plan developed by Schilling should be replaced since there was already evidence that it was faulty especially on the financial projection. Carson should be able to develop a new strategic plan with the participation of the members of the board. This will be the first step Carson can do to get the support from the members of the board. She has an actual experience with this kind of situation and I would assume that she exactly know how to have things done. However, I would suggest that Carson be able to work on the conflicts on interests among the members of the board especially that of Mavory. Carson should be able to get the support Mavory has from the other board members as starting point. Getting their support away from Mavory would be sound enough to make the implementation of the plan run smoothly. Carson should also work on making black and white statements on what specific files and information should be kept confidential and from whom. Everything should be clear enough for everybody in order to ensure that there would be no excuse when violators are reprimanded. It is not required that Carson becomes tough and authoritarian. She just needs to clear everybody’s stand and the extent of their authorities. It is also not necessary for Carson to prevent the employees from unionizing. I would argue that unions are important part of a company. Unions can become a leader’s support team especially when these unions could feel that they are being paid enough concern and attention by the management. They would not in any do anything to bring the company down because it would be at their lost. Unions only take steps against the management when they see that their security in the company is threatened. Carson should then focus on working with the management in preparation for the Joint Commission for the accreditation. The politics inside BMH cannot be completely eliminated but Carson can control the situation. The members of the board are assumed well-educated and with that they know what ethical considerations they should prioritize. Meanwhile, Carson should be able to get solid support. Carson should ask for the speedy preparation of the Joint Commission accreditation requirements by eliminating the direct control of Mavory over the process. This can be done by redirecting the attention of Mavory from the accreditation process and the revision of bylaws into her participation in the deliberation of strategic plan Carson is working at. Taking Mavory out of the Joint Commission accreditation will ease up the process and then it would go smoothly without somebody bothering the employees concerned. As with the board members, Carson should start separating their responsibilities. These leaders should be given separate set of concerns that would also keep them from direct intervention with the affairs of each division. For example, one board member should be assigned for managing the service-rendition affairs of the business and each should be given target accomplishments at certain time intervals. The other members can be assigned to direct management of the building facilities and the purchases of equipment and the maintenance of existing ones. The other can be assigned to the legal affairs of BMH. Each should then be reporting to the consultant or referring their plans at time intervals. With this, each member is kept from direct intervention to all the affairs of BMH although as board members, everything should be held transparent to them. This is the very reason why Carson should have regular board meetings for reporting purposes. I believe that it is also beneficial for Carson to hire independent auditors who would be responsible for checking inconsistencies on each division. This would eliminate the fear of each division that the evaluation result will be biased or one is being favored over the other. Transparency should be maintained at all times without the necessity of each member to be personally asking confidential files. As had been mentioned a while ago, when good and efficient leaders are already established, it would necessarily follow that employees’ moral would be uplifted; their loyalty will be brought back as usual to their leaders. Employees who are working with a healthy environment would be productive and thus would render better services than before. It is the excellent services rendered by BMH that enabled it to become profitable and so the quality of services should be kept high in order to gain a good market share.